Pilots flying under Part 135 are required to follow FAA duty and rest requirements so they can be safely, legally, and well alert. They are a requirement for flight charter, air taxi, and commuter flight to minimize crew fatigue and maximize safety.
If you are an airline pilot or obtaining your 1st class medical certificate in Florida, it is a great benefit to understand these restrictions on flight and rest time. We are going to cover each requirement with specific guidance so all Part 135 pilots can understand what is required to be in regulation and fly safely.
Understanding Part 135
In simpler terms, Part 135 pertains to commercial flight operations that are smaller in scope like air taxi or chartered flights. It’s distinct from major airlines (Part 121). Since these flights may have shorter crews and more flexible timetables, the FAA has special regulations just for Part 135 pilots.
Flight Duty Period (FDP) Explained
FDP (or Flight Duty Period) is the sum of the time that a pilot reports for duty to begin his day and ends when they arrive at their last flight destination. Under Part 135 the FDP is calculated based on the number of pilots that are onboard, start time of the duty, and whether it is a scheduled or unscheduled operation.
Single-Pilot Operations: Maximum FDP is generally 8 hours.
Two-Pilot Operations: The FDP can extend up to 14 hours, depending on the start time.
Rest Periods: A minimum rest period must occur before initiating the subsequent FDP, normally at least 10 consecutive hours.
Key Flight Duty Limits Under Part 135
Here are some key FDP limits every Part 135 pilot needs to know:
- Maximum Duty Period
For single-pilot, the maximum duty period is generally 8 hours.
For two-pilot, the maximum duty period is up to 14 hours, depending on start time.
- Start Time Effect
The FAA acknowledges that initiating a duty period late at night or very early morning raises fatigue risk. For this reason, the maximum FDP is reduced when the duty period starts between 12 midnight and 6 a.m.
- Extensions and Exceptions
In some circumstances, such as in emergency situations or unexpected operating conditions, extensions can be allowed, although limited and subject to proper documentation and reasons.
Mandatory Rest Requirements
Rest is essential to fight fatigue and stay alert. According to Part 135:
Minimum Rest Period: The pilots should have a minimum of 10 consecutive hours of rest prior to commencing their subsequent duty period.
Rest Place: Rest should be obtained in an appropriate accommodation, away from duty or distracting tasks.
Cumulative Limits: There are even restrictions on cumulative duty hours over 7 or 14 days to avoid chronic fatigue.
For newer or private pilots operating under certain exemptions – and possessing a 3rd Class Medical Certificate in Florida – such rest regulations continue to apply and must be adhered to with caution to keep everyone safe and compliant.
Fatigue Risk Management and Safety
Fatigue is among the most frequent causes of accidents in aviation. Part 135 rest and duty rules are intended to reduce the risk of fatigue, but good judgment should be exercised by pilots as well. If you are being assisted by a HIMS Aviation Medical Examiner in Florida, they can help with medical evaluations for fatigue as well.
Following are some suggestions for pilots flying under Part 135 to effectively handle fatigue:
- Get quality sleep when resting.
- Maintain health practices with nutrition and hydration.
- Plan duty schedules with biological timing consideration, such as avoiding early mornings or late nights when possible.
- Feeling fatigued—safety should always be a priority.
Why Compliance is Important
Non-compliance with Part 135 duty and rest rules can lead to harsh consequences such as:
- FAA penalties and fines.
- Legal liability if an accident occurs.
- Increased risk of fatigue-related errors.
- Potential damage to career and company reputation.
Thus, being up to date and in compliance is essential for all Part 135 pilots.
What Happens If You Don’t Follow the Rules?
Flight duty and rest regulations are non-negotiable. Ignoring them is not only risky, it may also put your involuntary jeopardy. In addition to increasing the likelihood of an accident, violating these regulations can leave you open to enforcement actions by the FAA – fines, suspension, or even loss of your ability to act as the pilot in command. It could put your reputation at risk and possibly put you out of work with operators.
Tips for Managing Your Flight Duty and Rest Under Part 135
Plan Wisely: Prior to taking flights, review your existing duty and flying hour limits.
Track Wisely: Employ accurate logs or or tech tracking tools to monitor your hours.
Sleep Well: Create a setting that promotes good sleep periods — dark, quiet and comfortable.
Speak Up: Report to your dispatcher or operator the moment you feel tired.
Stay Current: Guidelines issued by the FAA change often, stay informed on new guidelines or best practices.
Key Takeaways for Part 135 Pilots
Part 135 flight and rest regulations can appear daunting to the complicated but they are designed for a purpose: aviation safety. While pilots are compliant, they are well-rested and alert enough to fly safely despite busy schedules.
If you are a Part 135 pilot—or getting ready for your FAA 2nd Class Medical Exam in Florida—you need to make the right medical choice. Aviation Medicine Dr. Weinberg provides expert advice, comprehensive exams, and one-on-one care to ensure you are ready for all FAA mandates with confidence.
Help safeguard your career, passengers, and the aviation community by getting familiar with the regulations and dealing with trusted experts like Dr. Weinberg. Reach out at aweinberg@medavex.org or call (727) 648-2402 to get started.